Hindustani Music Guide
ध्रुपद
The oldest surviving form of Hindustani classical vocal music, emphasizing gravity and precision.
Dhrupad is the most ancient form of Hindustani classical vocal music, predating khayal by several centuries. It emphasizes purity of raag, precise intonation, and rhythmic discipline over ornamental display. A dhrupad performance typically features an extended alap in nom-tom syllables followed by a four-part composition accompanied by the pakhawaj drum. The form is valued for its austerity, meditative depth, and spiritual gravity.
ख़याल
The dominant classical vocal form in Hindustani music, built on imaginative raag elaboration.
स्थायी
The opening and principal section of a bandish, establishing the raag and melodic theme.
अंतरा
The second section of a bandish, typically moving into the upper octave register.
संचारी
The third section of a four-part composition, exploring the full range of the raag.
अभोग
The concluding fourth section of a four-part composition, resolving back to the sthayi.
गमक
A heavy oscillatory ornament where each note is approached with forceful emphasis.